Value Area, POC, VAH and VAL: How to Read Value
Updated September 20, 2026
What the Value Area is
The Value Area is the band of prices where about 70% of a session's activity took place. It can be computed on time or on volume, but the idea is the same: mark where most of the trading happened and leave the tails out.
That 70% does not come from any property of the market. It is a convention borrowed from the standard deviation of a normal distribution, which covers about 68%. It was rounded up and it stuck.
Its usefulness is framing. A price inside the Value Area is in a zone the market accepted during the session. A price outside is where there was little agreement and little time spent.
POC, VAH and VAL, one by one
POC stands for Point of Control: the single price with the most time or volume traded in the session. It is the widest point of the profile and the one that often acts as a reference when price rotates.
VAH, Value Area High, is the upper edge of the band. VAL, Value Area Low, is the lower edge. Between the two sits that 70% of the session's activity.
All three are fixed once the day closes. The next day they serve as references for yesterday's value, and that is where their interest lies: they give a map of the prior day on which to read the current one.
Do not confuse the POC with the VWAP. The POC is the price where the most trading took place; the VWAP is the volume-weighted average price. They can coincide or be far apart.
How the Value Area is built
The most common method starts at the POC and keeps adding the adjacent levels with the most activity, upward or downward, until it covers 70% of the total. The highest level reached is the VAH and the lowest is the VAL.
There are variants. Some start from TPO, short for Time Price Opportunity: the block that shows price touched a level during a period, normally thirty minutes. Others start from the volume traded at each price. The results are similar, not identical.
The decision that moves the result most is which session you use. Computing the Value Area on the regular session or on the full session of almost twenty-four hours gives different levels for the same day. Before comparing figures across sources, check that they refer to the same session.
The open versus the prior day's value
The most common use is comparing today's open with yesterday's Value Area. Opening inside suggests the market is still accepting the same value; opening outside suggests it is probing a new one.
The usual scenarios come from there. Inside value, rotation between VAL and VAH is expected, with the POC as the central reference. Outside value, either price is accepted and the day turns directional, or it returns to the range and the move away proves false.
All of this is a vocabulary, not a forecast. The only way to know whether a scenario has anything behind it is to measure it on a large sample and accept the result even if you do not like it.
What can be measured with yesterday's range
A simpler version of the same idea uses the prior day's range instead of its Value Area: just the high and the low, with no weighting by time or volume. It is less refined, but it can be measured without ambiguity.
The table takes the ES sessions in which price broke the prior day's high or low, and calculates how often that session closed green after breaking above, or red after breaking below. The color is the close versus the same day's open.
It is, therefore, a measure of consistency between the break and the sign of the session. It does not say that the close ended beyond the level that was broken, and that difference matters when interpreting it.
Breaking yesterday's range and the color of the close
ES
| Day | Breaks the high and closes green | Breaks the low and closes red | Breaks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monday | 68.5% | 61.8% | 787 |
| Tuesday | 67.6% | 71.6% | 886 |
| Wednesday | 70.7% | 68.8% | 851 |
| Thursday | 69.7% | 67.3% | 863 |
| Friday | 74.1% | 70.6% | 801 |
n = 4,188 · 2010-06-07 to 2026-09-16 · exchange data
Session color = close versus the same day's open. It does not measure whether the close ended beyond the broken level. A day that breaks both sides counts in both columns.
What the table shows, and what it does not
The frequencies are strikingly similar. Breaking yesterday's high and closing green happens in 74.1% of the 801 Friday breaks in ES, the highest case, and in 67.6% of the 886 Tuesday ones, the lowest.
On the downside, breaking the low and closing red ranges from 71.6% of the 886 Tuesday breaks in ES to 61.8% of the 787 Monday ones. The range of variation between days is narrow.
The reasonable conclusion is not that the day of the week decides anything, but that the relationship between breaking a prior extreme and closing in the same direction is stable in this ES series. What cannot be inferred is that trading that break would be profitable.
That is because the color of the close does not say how far from the broken level the day ended, or what happened along the way. The adverse excursion, how far price moved against you before the close, is left out. And a day that breaks both extremes counts in both columns: the figures in a row are not mutually exclusive.
The limits of this measurement
The first limitation is fit. The table uses the prior day's range, not its Value Area. They are different references: the range includes the tails where there was hardly any trading, and the Value Area discards them. These figures should not be read as if they measured breaks of the VAH or VAL.
The second is drift. The series is ES, runs from 2010-06-07 to 2026-09-16 and gathers 4,188 breaks of an index that rose over the period as a whole. That pushes up any figure that depends on green closes.
The third is cost: no percentage accounts for spread, commissions or slippage. The fourth is the definition of green. Close versus open is one convention among several; taking yesterday's close as the reference would give a different table. None is the correct one, you just have to state which one is used.
How to use these levels
These references help you prepare the session; they do not replace your own judgment. Marking the prior day's POC, VAH and VAL, along with its high and low, leaves a few specific prices to pay attention to when the market reaches them.
From there, the useful step is to record what price did at each level and compare that record with the corresponding base rate, that is, the historical frequency of the same scenario under similar conditions.
This text is informational material on reading historical data and is not personalized investment advice. Past results do not anticipate future results, and trading futures involves risk of loss.
Frequently asked questions
- What happens if price opens right at yesterday's POC?
- It is considered an open in value, at the point of greatest acceptance of the prior day. It is the most neutral scenario: it gives no directional information and requires waiting to see which way price moves.
- Why is the Value Area 70%?
- It is a convention inherited from the standard deviation of a normal distribution, which covers about 68%. Nothing in the market requires that number, and some implementations use different percentages to define the zone.
- Is the Value Area useful when trading European hours?
- The concept can be computed on any session, including the European one. What you cannot do is mix them: the levels and statistics of one session do not apply to another without recalculating from scratch with that definition.
- How long do the prior day's POC and Value Area remain valid?
- They are references for the following session, mainly during its first hours. They lose relevance as the day builds its own profile and price moves away from the zone. They are not permanent levels.
These numbers, instrument by instrument
See all 30 instruments →Where this is used in Perfiltrade
- Live Market Profile — Initial Balance, Value Area, POC and profile shape, live, against their history.
The calculation and its limits are in the methodology.
Try these concepts with real data
7 days free, no card. An analysis tool, not investment advice.
See plans →